Global Temperature Graphs

Contents

1. Introduction
2. The Dubious Significance of Trends in Global Mean Temperature
3. Early attempts to Chart Global Climate Variation
4. Global Mean Temperature Charts published after 1950

This page is an ongoing project to track the history of the scientific assessments of global temperature change over various post-glacial time periods. Thus the title is best given as NOTES TOWARDS…

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The History of Global Mean Temperature Charts

1. Introduction

Any scientific prognosis is alway grounded in observation of present and past conditions. This is no exception for Climate Change Science. And when it comes to the predictions of unprecedented and runaway global warming, the graphic presentation of time-series of collated observed temperature data has always been important for supporting this claim. However, the relationship between the charting of global temperature trends and the warming alarm has not always been harmonious.

The IPCC First Assessment of 1990, and its supplement in 1992, actually went as far as to say that the evidence, both from proxies and from recent instrumental records, presented no cause for alarm. Rhythmic fluctuations were noted on a range of time scales, and the recent warming was not assessed as outside these normal fluctuation. This assessment of the evidence was part of the reason why the 1992 Supplementary Report, prepared especially for the Rio Earth Summit, concluded soberly that it is still not possible to attribute with high confidence all, or even a large part of, the observed global warming to [the anthropogenic enhancement of] the greenhouse effect.

The lead-up to Kyoto was quite a different story. It was the late changes to the Second Assessment—so that it proclaimed scientific evidence of recent human-caused warming—that generated an unbearable tension between the scientific observations and the proclaimed official scientific ‘consensus’ on the matter (see more on the Chapter 8 Controversy). To some extent this tension was already eased by contracting the historical view back from the millennial time-frame. By charting from 1400 (after the Medieval Warming) the  ‘unprecedented’ claim was easier to make.

Hockey Stick graph from the Australian Government Climate Change website. The graph was removed around November 2009.

But then with the IPCC Third Assessment dramatic changes were introduced at the level of evidence. In 1998 the first version of the Hockey Stick graph had appeared in Nature before another version was headlined in the release of the Third Assessment Report. Take one look and there was now no doubt about the unprecedented and runaway nature of recent warming. And all sorts of version of it appeared, including the one above, with the error bars on the proxy data (the shaft) removed and the blade of grafted instrumental temperature extended continuous with the worst-case model predictions of future warming.

Global mean temperature anomaly determined from the instrumental records by CRU and as overlayed with trend lines of varying length. This graph was used repeatedly in the IPCC Fourth Assessment and its promotion.

The Fourth Assessment of 2007 includes another graph, this time derived only from the recent instrument records, and it tells the same unprecedented, and runaway story . Despite the dubious analysis it presents, the president of the IPCC was still headlining it at the Copenhagen Conference in December 2009 (see Monckton’s analysis here). These graphic presentations of mean temperature—with all the scientific authority they have invested—have proved very persuasive tools in generating alarm in the community. And so on this page we follow the evolution of global temperature graphs through the history of Climate Change Science in order to determine to what extent they drive, or are driven by, the prevailing alarmism of the authors and the times. But before we do this, it is important to put them in perspective; to firstly determine what they are measuring, and how significant are the trends they apparently express.

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2. The Dubious Significance of Trends in Global Mean Temperature

From a systematic viewpoint the mean temperature of the atmosphere near the surface of the earth is both difficult to determine and difficult to defend as an indicator of the thermal state of the climatic systems: there is constant vertical movement of the air due precisely to warming and cooling; moist air contains more heat then dry air of the same temperature, and so temperature is a poor indicator of heat content; and then the oceans are the true heat bank, receiving much of their warmth directly radiated from the sun, which they then giving off to the atmosphere at varying rates.

The Data points (left) averaged to chart of global mean temperature variation (right). [S.L. Grotch after R. Lindzen (modified). See another version in Grotch 1987 Fig 1 (H/T Frederick Colbourne)]

When a location or region has an extraordinarily warm winter or mild summer or etc…, the anomaly is usually reported as 2 or 3 or more degrees Celsius/Kelvin from a previous norm. Such variations have a noticeable effect on human comfort, agriculture and the natural world—especially if they persist in a trend over a number of years. Just such trends are found in various locations across the globe attributable to nature and human causes. One of the most common such climatic change occurs in expanding cities. If a similar scale trend were to occur in the global average temperature we would certainly know about it, for it would have enormous impacts on human civilisation. Yet there is no suggestion a variation of this magnitude has occurred even across the last century or two. Remarkably it seems that all the local anomalies that occur every day, month and year, all the great heatwaves, droughts, cold snaps and blizzards, seem to more or less cancel each other out every month and every year such that if the data for global mean temperature were rounded to the nearest degree then there would not be much to show.

This is why graphs used to demonstrate global warming are usually calibrated in tenths of a degree, with values plotting to 1/100^oK. The range of variation, the range of error and level of adjustment required to cover all sorts of inconsistencies in the data make it hard to justify such precision. Richard Lindzen demonstrates the absurdity of fussing over reported warming of less than a degree in a number of recent presentations (including here and here).

Lindzen compares the daily variation of temperature given in a local weather report with the variation of global mean temperature—which is represented by the thickness of the red line. The blue bars give the temperature range on a particular day. The dark grey shade gives the average range for that day of the year, while the light grey gives the range of extremes in the temperature record for that day.

If it is the case that these variations are so uncertain, trivial, random and/or arbitrary, and thereby not useful indicators of climatic change; if they tell us little about the system being measured, then we are lead to turn the question around and ask: What do these graphs tell us about the science that constructs then, and all the other science that defers so much to their validity?

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3. Early attempts to Chart Global Climate Variation

In the 19th century and early 20th century the interest in recent climate variability was mostly in the variation between agriculturally favorable and unfavorable climates. If an indicator was selected in regional studies it was usually precipitation. However, in the mid to late 19th century, alongside the interest in explaining the proposed ice ages, there was also some parallel interest in finding patterns in recent climatic change. As with ice age theory, to explain these patterns, astronomical variations came under consideration. These included combined lunar-earth cycles, periodic variations in terrestrial magnetism, the 11-year sunspot cycle and the related variability in the incidence of northern lights. The driver of this research was the controversy over whether in fact the recent climate was changing at all in any way beyond a level of random variability (on the view of ‘statistical climatology’ see discussion of  Schott and Abbe here). It was in order to investigate the nature of this variability (whether random or cyclic and/or whether externally driven) that attempts were made to find patterns in instrumental temperatures data collected from land stations across the globe.

1873, 1881 Wladimir Köppen generalised trend from instrumental records 1845 to 1875

In 1852 H W Dove had publish some instrumental temperature series from stations around the globe to show their  non-periodic nature. In 1873 Wladimir Köppen challenged this view to demonstrate some correlation with the sunspot cycle. Where possible Köppen went back to Dove’s original sources to calibrate and update these data. He also added other sources to total over 100 land-based weather stations, including a selection from across Asia and the 3 continents in the southern hemisphere. While Köppen did not actually graph global mean temperature, he did graph in broad latitudinal bands, one above the other, so that any global pattern would be easy to discern.

In 1873, under a graph of sunspot intensity, Koppen presents the temperature trend across the previous 50 years for various broad latitudinal zones. At the bottom of the page the trend across Europe and New England is given for the previous 100 years. (click to enlarge)

In 1914 Köppen published an article considering also a volcanic influence and in this article he published an addition to his original graph:

In 1914 Koppen updates the global zonal temperature series.

(Acknowledgements: Wigley and Jones refer to Köppen’s work in a number of publications. The IPCC have re-charted some of Köppen’s data on this comparative graph. Thanks to staff at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek and Universitaetsbibliothek Leipzig for locating and sending scans of the original articles.)

1889 Eduard Brückner: Evidence of rhythmic climatic change across recent centuries

Brückner, who had worked with Köppenn in the mid-1880s, extended his work on a generalised temperature trend across the northern hemisphere, and also across the globe, by using various proxies to supplement and extend the coverage back through the 18th and 17th centuries. His most important work on the topic, Klimaschwankungen seit 1700 published in 1890, identifies an erratic rhythm of climatic change shifting between cold-wet and hot-dry more or less every 35 years. In the previous year he published a paper titled ‘In wie weit ist das heutige Klima konstant?’ ( translation here as Ch 3 ‘How constant is Today’s Climate?’). After his usual analysis of synchronised fluctuations in precipitation proxies he remarks ‘rain is not the only meteorological element displaying this kind of rhythmic variation‘ and thereby introduces two proxy temperature chart.

The first gives the anomaly derived giving 5-year averages of Köppen’s annual means (1873, as cited above)  derived from instrumental temperature records in Europe and New England.

Mean temperature anomaly from instrument records in Europe and New England 1785 to 1870 (5 year averages) in Bruckner’s 1889 essay, ‘How Constant is Today’s Climate?’

The second uses the timing of the graph harvest as a proxy of seasonal temperature and precipitation to chart back to the 1670s:

Climatic change estimated by fluctuations in the date of eastern European grape harvest. Early harvest indicates warm-dry (peaks in the chart). Late harvest indicates cold-wet summer (troughs).

Here is a summary of Bruckner’s findings:

Bruckner’s charting of climatic change indicating peaks and troughs

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1914+ Ellsworth Huntington: Variations in precipitation across historical times

Tree ring data used to estimate precipitation, from Climatic Factor as Illustrated in Arid America, Huntington, 1914, p 153

Huntington worked with the founder of dendrochronology, A E Douglass to produce a precipitation proxy record from the tree rings of the giant red wood stands in California. He adjusted his curve to Ernst Antevs’s estimated levels of Lake Owen in the Serra Nevada Range (Antevs with Gerard de Geer pioneered the analysis of varves.)

Huntington, Civilization and Climate, 3rd Ed, 1924, p321

Huntington also compared these results with proxy results for precipitation in Central Asia. In this way he was trying to get a picture of changes, consistent and varied, across the northern hemisphere during historical times.

Precipitation proxy results for California and Asia given in The Climatic Factor as Illustrated in Arid America, 1914, p 172

1926 C E P Brook: review and consolidation of historical climatology

Precipitation in Europe:

Precipitation anomaly estimates for the historical period given in Brooks’ Climate Through the Ages, 1924 p.348

(In the 1949 edition this graph is replaced with a temperature graph.)

Precipitation/Climate in the USA

Consolidation and comparison of tree ring data for California in Brooks, Climate Through the Ages, 1926, p383

‘These curves cannot be regarded as measuring rainfall only; they must include other factors of tree growth such as temperature and sunshine.’ Brooks p382

Temperature:

Historical Temperature in Europe estimated from weather reports in Brooks’ Climate Through the Ages, 1926, p352

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1938 – 1961 Guy Callendar: Attribution of the global warming trend

From Callendar’s ‘The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on Temperature‘ in the Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society vol. 64, pgs. 223–240.

See also the later graphs G.S. Callendar, “Temperature Fluctuations and Trends over the Earth.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society (1961) 87: 1-12.

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1946 Gordon Manley: Lancashire Plains temperature reconstruction from instrumental sources

Annual Temperature Trend in Lancashire plains reconstructed from the instrumental record by Gordon Manley

This is an early reconstruction from multiple instrumental records of the temperature trend for a region that extends back beyond the late 19th century.

Manley gives some idea of the complexity of his data field in this diagram:

Gordon Manley gives a diagrammatic account of his various sources

Manley’s presentation provides other interesting charts including separate trends for winter (warming trend) and summer (no warming trend) and including comparisons with temperature series for Oxford, Edinburgh, Durham and Stockholm.

Manley, Gordon. “Temperature Trend in Lancashire, 175–1945.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 72, no. 311 (1946): 1–31. doi:10.1002/qj.49707231102.

Other extended series from this period include: for Stockholm from 1760 to 1938 by Angstrom (‘Temperaturklimatets ardring i nuvarai.de tid och dim orsak’, 1939); and for De Bilt Holland 1741 to 1940 by Labrijin (‘200 jaar temperatuur waarnemingen in nederland’, 1942). Neither of these charts have been sighted and copies would be most gratefully received.

1953 Gordon Manley: Central England Temperature Record

This chart for which Manley is most famous was not in the original 1953 article, where only the tabulated data is found. It was in the 1974 update that this graph appears. While this is the longest running instrument record, it is not from one station but is the adjusted and homogenized result of data from various stations. (The graph is from p42 of “Central England Temperatures : Monthly Means 1659 to 1973″, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (1974), 100, pp389-403)

In 1974 Manley updated his Central England Temp Record first published in 1953 (original article in 1953 did not have a graph: “Mean temperature of central England, 1698-1952″, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Volume 79, Issue 340, pages 242–261, April 1953)

1969 M I Budyko: Using data compiled under Sharova to compare northern hemisphere temperature anomaly with solar radiation

Budyko compares a northern temperature anomaly with solar radiation in the first (?) publication of the Russian data in the West. From ‘The Effect of Solar Radiation variations on the climate of the Earth’, Tellus 21 (1969) p611.

‘Fig 1 represents the secular variation of annual temperature in the northern hemisphere that was calculated from the maps of temperature anomalies for each month for the period 1881 to 1960 which were compiled at the Main Geophysical Observatory [USSR]….Line 2 gives the anomalies averaged by ten-year periods.’ The Russians collected their own data to produce a completely new looking graph which was frequently used in the USA including in an extended National Geographic article of November 1976.

This is updated by Vinnikov in 1980:

Vinnikov updates Budyko (1969) from Sharova data and after 1960 uses NOAA — in Robock 1982

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1980 Yamamoto Northern Hemisphere 1876 to 1975

Northern Hemisphere temperature trend given by the Japanese climatologist Yamamoto.

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1984 Folland et al: Global Sea Surface

Early hemispheric and global charts tended to neglect the liquid surface of the earth. The main source for Folland’s graph is the UK Meteorological Office Main Marine Data Bank. Folland provides the sea surface temperature trend as well as the trend derived from night time air temperature derived from shipping data.

Global sea surface temperature (A) and global night time marine air temperature (B) by Folland et al, 1984

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1979 Groveman and Landsberg Northern Hemisphere reconstruction back to 1579

Groveman and Landsberg used 20 series of mostly instrumental data calibrated against the Russian chart. The series they used included Manley’s CET and 2 tree ring series across northern Europe and northern North America. Series from Greenland, Iceland and Japan are also included.

1989 Jacoby and D’Arrigo Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America

Jacoby and D’Arrigo calibrated their tree-ring results against Hansen and Lebedeff (1987). Here they compare their chart with others including Groveman & Landsberg as above.

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4. Global Mean Temperature Charts published after 1950

1950 H C Willett: Global Temperature trends of the past century

‘Temperature trends of the past century’ by Willett from instrumental data in Centenary Proceedings of Roy Met Soc 1950

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1961 Murray Mitchell Global: Global Temperature trends of the past century

Recent Secular Changes of Global Temperature  by Murray Mitchell (after Willett) 1961

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1981 – James Hansen: By including more data from the Southern Hemisphere hemispherical variation is demonstrated

Hansen in Science 1981

This chart was updated in 1988 to show the new warming trend surpassing the mid-century peak:

Global surface air temperatures update through 1987 by Hansen and Lebedeff

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1975 US GARP report use of H H Lamb winter severity data

During the dying days of the Ice Age scare, a graph derived from regional data collected by H H Lamb was used more or less to express a generalized trend. The history of this graph is explained here.

A chart derived from H H Lamb was popular in the late 1970s for suggesting a generalized temperature trend. This version is from a comprehensive article on climate changes appearing in National Geographic in 1976.

1990  H H Lamb (1964-1966) graphs used as the basis for the IPCC First Assessment sketch of average millennial temperature variation

In The Changing Climate (1966) Lamb published a Lecture of 1964 called ‘Britian’s Climate in the Past.’ It contains the below graph giving estimates of the variation in the temperatures of Central England that was repeated in later publications including 1988:

from ‘British Climate in the Past’ 1964 (pub. 1966)

In M L Parry’s  Climatic Change, Agriculture and Settlement 1978, appeared this graph:

From Parry’s Climate Change, Agriculture and Settlement 1978, p98

In Climate History and the Modern World 1st Ed, 1982, p76, there is this similar graph:

Central England temperature variation given in Lamb, Climate History and the Modern World p76

Then in 1986 this graph appeared in Climatic Change and World Affairs, 2nd Ed, by Crispin Tickell:

Original caption: Figure 2: Temperature variations over the last million years.
Courtesy of the British Antarctic Survey.

Then in 1990 the IPCC First Assessment average global millennial temperature variation sketch:

1990 IPCC first report working gp 1. Section 7.2.1

The report cites Lamb rather vaguely but it seems evident that the sketch (c) variation over the last 1000 years is based on H H Lamb’s estimates for central England only. See Climate Audit 9 May 2008 and further discussion on this post. The source of the middle 10,000 graph remains a mystery. Before this chart was used in the IPCC report, another chart derived from Lamb was used from 1975 and through the 1980s to indicate the global anomaly for the last 1000 years (see discussion here).

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1993-6 IPCC Second Assessment: Warmest Since 1400

While the IPCC Second Assessment does discuss evidence of Medieval warming and the possibility of a global, hemispheric or regional (European) precedent to recent generalised warming [see SAR Ch3 6.2], the problem of a supposed global or hemispheric Medieval Warm Period is mostly avoided with discussions of temperatures only after that period.  Statements in SAR of ‘warmest’ ‘…in the last 6 centuries’ or ‘…since 1400’ fit with the speculation (at least since Deming’s 2006 testimonial) of a push around this time ‘to get rid of’ the Medieval Warm Period. However, convenient or otherwise, in the 1980s and early 1990s there was simply a dearth of studies attempting even hemispheric reconstructions back that far. Reconstructions for any period that relied on tree ring proxies were explicitly rejected in IPCC reports as to unreliable as temperature indicators until the Third Assessment and the Hockey Stick.  Here are some developments:

In 1993 Bradley and Jones published these charts:

In a 1993 article ‘Little Ice Age summer temperature variations; their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends.’ Bradley and Jones offer this reconstruction of Northern Hemispheric temperature trends expressed as standard deviations from the 1860-1959 mean.

The IPCC Second Assessment took the Northern Hemisphere chart from this paper, re-expressed the variations in degrees Celsius, and superimposed recent instrumental data:

The Bradley & Jones (1993) proxy reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly as it appears in the IPCC Second Assessment Report p.175

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1998 Michael Mann, Phil Jones and Keith Briffa: New Northern Hemisphere Proxy Charts

First, 23 April Mann et al in Nature giving Northern Hemisphere chart back to 1400 and spliced with the recent instrumental record:

from Mann et al (1998)

Next in May 1998 Jones et al published charts for both hemispheres back 1000 years:

from Jones et al (1998) “High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures”. The Holocene 8 (4): 455–471

In a 4 June 1998 letter to Nature Briffa et al gives a northern hemisphere back to 1400:

Briffa gives a Northern Hemisphere proxy chart back to 1400 in letter to Nature on the influence of volcanic eruptions [Vol 393, 4 June 1998 on page 451]

 

In the summer of 1999 Barnett et al (pdf) compare the 3 charts in a ‘Status Report’ on the detection and attribution of recent climate change:

A comparison of 3 proxy reconstructions from 1600 for the northern hemisphere

Barnett comments that “the disparity between these reconstructions at some times over the last 400 years is as large as the observed changes in global temperature over the last 100 years.’ [p2631]”

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1999 Michael Mann: The Hockey Stick is Born

The Mann et al chart of 1998 is extended and published in October 1999 to give the Hockey Stick chart for the IPCC Third Assessment:

from Mann et al (1999) “Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations”. Geophysical Research Letters 26 (6): 759.

For more information and the final colour chart of the IPCC 3rd Assessment see The Hockey Stick Controversy in Wikipedia.

For current global mean temperature charts see the Climate4You Global Temperature page.

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– BernieL

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Readers: Any suggestion for additions welcome. Also, please kindly note any errors in the comments.

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